Další názvy: lhostejnost
Apatii můžeme definovat jako kompletní nedostatek citu a motivace.
Vyskytuje se u celé řady nemocí. U malých dětí je dokonce příznakem celé palety nemocí- od syndromu nitrolební hypertenze dále meningeální syndrom, vnitřní krvácení u úrazů, infekční onemocnění apod. Proto by si měli rodiče případné apatie u svých dětí velmi dobře všímat. Kojenec v rámci apatie může přestát sát mateřské mléko apod. Jindy velmi hlučné a živé dítě přichází domů apatické, např. spadne ze stromu s následným poraněním nitrobřišních orgánů a krvácením. Takovýchto příkladů bychom nalezli mnoho. Obecně platí, že rodič by si měl všímat chování svého dítěte, a hledat možné příčiny v jeho změnách.
U dospívajících a dospělých lidí se apatií projevují deprese či depresivní epizody. Apatie a zúžení subjektivního prostoru nacházíme u lidí v těžké depresi, kteří se mohou pokusit spáchat sebevraždu apod. Deprese se projeví také jako ztráta o koníčky a zájmy, kterým se člověk dříve s velkou vervou věnoval, projevuje se nezájem o okolí, objevuje se neschopnost prožívat radost – anhedonie. V rámci deprese se také objevují poruchy sexuálních funkcí, poruchy spánku apod.
Apatie může být také příznakem nitrolebního expanzivního procesu, ke kterým řadíme nádory, hematomy, velká aneuryzmata, cysty apod. Obecně platí, že nádor v mozku se projeví další symptomatickou – bolest hlavy ( hlavně ráno), zvracení, parézy končetin, epileptické záchvaty apod. Apatie je však důležitým zástupcem psychických změn, vedle například lehké zapomnětlivosti apod.
Velice častou příčinou vzniku apatie je léze v čelním mozkovém laloku – ať už se jedná o nádor či např. krvácení do této oblasti. Vzniká tzv. prefrontální syndrom :člověk je postižen celou řadou psychických příznaků, tento soubor se dříve označoval jako organický psychosyndrom. Jedná se o zpomalení psychické činnosti – tzv. bradypsychismus, apatie, abulie – ztráta vůle atd.
Apatie jako psychický symptom nemusí být vždy dobře patrný. Změny si musí všimnout většinou okolí pacienta, apatický člověk o své apatii nepřemýšlí, a už vůbec s ní nenavštíví lékaře. Apatie je často způsobena pracovním vypětím, v rámci syndromu vyhoření, zklamáním v osobním životě, ztrátou blízké osoby apod.
Pokud se jedná pouze o dočasnou změnu v chování pacienta, nemusí se jednat o patologickou situaci. Pokud apatie trvá delší dobu, je velmi nápadná ve vztahu k dřívějšímu chování, je vhodné navštívit psychologa či praktického lékaře. Je nutné si uvědomit, že určitou formou apatie trpí alespoň jednou v životě každý člověk.
Diskuze o apatii
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